Ducks have strong natural affinities for water that are frequently denied in commercial production, along with foraging, preening, and social needs that require specific enrichment provision for meaningful welfare.
Duck welfare is uniquely shaped by the mismatch between their aquatic nature and the environments of commercial production. Water access is not a luxury for ducks — it is essential for normal sensory function, preening effectiveness, and behavioural expression. Ducks without adequate bathing water develop eye pathology from inability to flush tear ducts, feather condition problems from incomplete preening, and high levels of stereotypic dabbling behaviour directed at any available wet surface. The welfare case for open water provision is scientifically unambiguous and the EU has recognised it in legislation. However, open water systems create management challenges around hygiene, litter quality, and ammonia, which have led to resistance from producers. Solving these management challenges, rather than denying water access, is the appropriate welfare response.