Caribou and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) undertake some of the longest land migrations on Earth, yet face growing threats from climate change, predation pressure, and industrial development that affect herd welfare.
The welfare of wild caribou and reindeer is shaped by the intersection of climate disruption and human industrial activity. Icing events — where rain falls on snow and then freezes — trap forage beneath an impenetrable crust, causing starvation on a landscape scale. Insect harassment during summer months is so intense that caribou may run for hours to escape, burning precious energy reserves needed for reproduction and winter survival. Predation pressure, though a natural force, is amplified when herds are constrained by human infrastructure that limits escape routes. Industrial noise and human presence trigger chronic stress responses in herds, including altered movement patterns and reduced time spent feeding. Conservation of migration corridors and climate action are the most effective long-term welfare interventions available.