Face flies, horn flies, and other cattle flies cause significant welfare problems and production losses, requiring integrated pest management approaches.
Cattle heavily parasitized by flies experience chronic irritation, behavioral disruption, and reduced welfare from the constant fly pressure. Horn fly infestations cause repeated blood-taking bites hundreds of times daily. This chronic irritation and blood loss causes genuine suffering and productivity loss. Effective fly control programs protect cattle welfare while reducing the need for repeated chemical treatments.