Livestock guardian dogs protect sheep, goats, and other livestock from predators, providing an important alternative to lethal predator control. Their welfare as working animals deserves dedicated attention.
Livestock guardian dogs occupy a complex welfare position. Well-managed working LGDs have clear purpose, social bonds with their livestock charges, appropriate exercise, and meaningful activity — factors associated with positive welfare in working dogs. However, the working conditions of many LGDs expose them to real welfare risks. Injuries from predator encounters — wolves, bears, and coyotes — can be severe. Large territories in remote settings mean illness and injury may go unnoticed for extended periods. Some working LGDs receive minimal veterinary care or nutrition below what their energy expenditure demands. Cultural norms in some communities value stoic working behaviour over individual animal welfare assessment. Recognising LGDs as individual animals with welfare needs, not just agricultural equipment, is essential to improving their care.