Duck farming ranges from extensive outdoor systems to intensive confinement, but the most welfare-critical practice is foie gras production through force-feeding. Understanding these systems helps consumers make informed choices.
Foie gras production is among the most clearly documented forms of animal suffering in food production. Force-feeding causes physical pain, respiratory distress, and liver disease severe enough to cause organ failure if the birds were not slaughtered first. Even ducks not used for foie gras suffer when denied water — they are waterfowl with a strong drive to immerse their heads and preen. Farm systems that provide adequate water access, outdoor ranging, and appropriate housing can meet duck behavioral needs. Consumer refusal to purchase foie gras has been a significant driver of its declining market share.