Lions, tigers, leopards, and other large felids in zoos exhibit high rates of stereotypic pacing and other welfare indicators linked to insufficient space and environmental complexity.
Large felids in captivity face a fundamental mismatch between their evolved needs and what even well-resourced zoos can provide. Territorial species that evolved to patrol vast ranges experience profound spatial restriction; the stereotypic pacing that results is not a quirk but a sign of chronic frustration. Big cats are motivated hunters whose feeding behaviour in the wild involves pursuit, ambush, and consumption of large prey — experiences that static feeding cannot replicate. Progressive facilities have made significant improvements through complex habitats, off-exhibit holding areas, and positive reinforcement training. However, welfare scientists increasingly question whether felid welfare needs can be adequately met in public zoo settings, regardless of budget.