European sea bass and gilthead sea bream are the dominant species in Mediterranean aquaculture. Their welfare in sea cage and intensive systems varies enormously and is increasingly subject to scientific scrutiny.
Sea bass and sea bream welfare reflects both the general challenges of marine finfish aquaculture and species-specific issues related to their aggressive social behaviour. Hierarchical competition in high-density cages creates persistent winners and losers — subordinate fish experience chronic stress, reduced feeding access, and higher injury rates. Fin and skin damage from net abrasion impairs swimming function and creates entry points for infection. The welfare at slaughter is poorly managed in most Mediterranean aquaculture — ice slurry without stunning is the dominant method. Growing regulatory interest in Mediterranean aquaculture welfare, driven partly by the EU's animal welfare strategy, is beginning to generate pressure for improved standards. Consumer interest in welfare-labelled Mediterranean seafood remains limited but is growing.