Ducks are waterfowl with strong behavioural drives for open water access, foraging, and social activity. Commercial duck farming frequently denies these needs, creating significant welfare problems that are only partially addressed by current regulations.
Duck welfare is fundamentally compromised in most commercial production systems by the absence of open water. Water access is not merely a preference for ducks — it is essential for maintaining feather waterproofing, eye health, and nasal hygiene. Studies consistently show that when given a choice, ducks spend large amounts of time in open water and show clear preference for bathing over drinking nipples or cups. Providing even a simple trough or shower system significantly reduces disease rates and improves welfare indicators. Beyond water, commercial duck housing is often too dark, too crowded, and too barren to support natural social and foraging behaviour. Higher-welfare certified systems in the UK require open water access and outdoor ranging, and demonstrate that commercial production and water access are compatible. The main barrier is cost, making consumer demand signals and regulatory reform both important levers.