Commercial turkeys are among the most genetically modified farmed animals. Rapid growth, restricted mobility, and dense indoor housing create profound welfare challenges throughout their short lives.
The welfare of commercial turkeys is fundamentally compromised by their genetic modification for rapid growth. Lameness is near-universal in heavy toms — post-mortem surveys consistently find high rates of hip joint disease, tibial dyschondroplasia, and foot pad dermatitis. Walking is painful for many commercial turkeys even before slaughter age. High stocking densities — up to 46 kg/m³ in some countries — prevent movement and social behaviour and accelerate leg problems. Beak trimming without anaesthesia causes acute and potentially chronic pain. Routine antibiotic use reflects the immunosuppressive effects of stress and overcrowding. Slower-growing breeds with modified rearing conditions can significantly improve welfare but require higher production costs. Consumer demand for holiday turkeys far outpaces welfare-certified supply, making seasonal demand a key driver of poor welfare outcomes.