Positive reinforcement training is both the most effective and most welfare-friendly approach to dog training. Evidence clearly shows aversive training methods cause welfare harm without improving outcomes.
The evidence base for positive reinforcement dog training is now comprehensive: reward-based training is simultaneously more effective, more humane, and better for the human-animal relationship than aversive methods. Studies measuring physiological stress markers show dogs trained with aversive tools have elevated cortisol, display more stress behaviours, and show more aggression — outcomes that are directly contrary to training goals. The persistence of aversive training methods despite evidence of superior alternatives reflects cultural tradition and commercial interests in certain trainer communities rather than science. Welfare-conscious dog owners should seek certified trainers using reward-based methods (look for CPDT-KA, IAABC, or equivalent credentials), avoid any trainer using physical punishment or intimidation, and be sceptical of dominance-theory framing that is scientifically outdated.