Proboscis monkeys are highly specialized primates endemic to Borneo whose welfare is severely threatened by deforestation, hunting, and habitat fragmentation.
Proboscis monkeys suffer extensively from ongoing deforestation and palm oil expansion. As obligate folivores with specialized digestive systems, they cannot adapt to degraded or fragmented habitats. Isolation in small forest patches causes nutritional stress, inbreeding, and demographic collapse. Hunting adds direct mortality pressure. In degraded habitats, monkeys face increased parasite loads, predation exposure, and chronic stress from habitat noise and human disturbance. Conservation efforts that protect large contiguous river corridors are most effective for this species.