European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is one of the most important farmed fish species in the Mediterranean, with welfare challenges from intensive production methods.
Mediterranean sea bass welfare is compromised primarily by intensive sea cage production. High stocking densities increase aggression, fin damage, and chronic stress hormone levels. Crowding operations during harvest — including pumping and crowning — produce acute stress responses measurable in cortisol and behavior. Slaughter without prior stunning, still used by many producers, is particularly problematic: ice slurry without stunning leaves fish conscious during the dying process. Progressive improvements include CO2 stunning before slaughter, reduced stocking densities, and better net management. Consumer demand for certified products incentivizes producers to meet higher welfare standards.