Clouded leopards are among the most challenging large cats to keep in zoos, with specific social, spatial, and behavioural needs that many facilities struggle to meet.
Captive clouded leopards suffer welfare problems including male aggression toward females during breeding attempts, which historically caused serious injury and death. Modern best practice involves cub-rearing pairs together from infancy to reduce aggression, using compatible sibling pairings. Enclosures must include extensive climbing structures, visual barriers, and retreat areas. Without high-complexity vertical environments, clouded leopards show chronic stress and stereotypic pacing. Many facilities lack the resources to meet these needs, raising questions about whether holding clouded leopards in poorly equipped zoos serves conservation goals.