Polar bears in zoos face profound welfare challenges tied to their vast wild ranging behaviour, seasonal rhythms, and the fundamental mismatch with captive environments.
Polar bear welfare in captivity is deeply problematic. Their extreme natural ranging behaviour cannot be replicated in any zoo; the fundamental spatial deprivation is irresolvable. Stereotypic pacing — documented in the majority of captive polar bears — is a clear indicator of chronic frustration and poor welfare. Heat stress affects polar bears in warm climates, causing lethargy and dermatological problems. Food-based enrichment, which can engage polar bears for hours, is the most impactful welfare intervention but cannot compensate for fundamental spatial restriction. Some welfare scientists argue that the welfare costs of polar bear captivity are so severe and irresolvable that phasing out captive holding should be considered.