Ducks are semi-aquatic birds for whom water is not a luxury but a behavioral necessity. Most commercial duck production denies water access, causing significant welfare compromise.
Duck welfare in commercial production is compromised by the systematic denial of water access that is fundamental to their nature as semi-aquatic birds. Ducks deprived of bathing water cannot maintain feather waterproofing, clean their eyes and nostrils, or engage in the social bathing behaviors that are highly motivated in this species. Research consistently shows that when open water is provided, ducks spend substantial time using it and show reduced stress indicators. Dry flooring causes foot and leg problems in animals evolved for wet surfaces. Foie gras production represents an extreme welfare harm in the duck sector, involving force-feeding (gavage) two to three times daily for several weeks before slaughter. Consumer pressure and legislation are driving reform, but most commercial duck farming remains far below adequate welfare standards.