Perches are a fundamental welfare requirement for laying hens. Their absence causes foot problems, bone density loss, and prevents expression of natural roosting behaviour.
Keel bone fractures are among the most significant and widespread welfare problems in commercial egg production. The keel bone (sternum) is fractured in a majority of hens in both enriched cage and free-range systems, causing chronic pain that affects feeding, movement, and general quality of life. Research using pain scoring and behavioural indicators confirms that fractured keel bones cause measurable, persistent suffering. The causes include collisions with perches and structures, falls, and osteoporosis from inadequate calcium mineralisation. Better perch design — lower height, wider diameter, rubberised surfaces, and appropriate placement relative to feeding areas — can reduce fracture rates. Selecting hen genetics with better bone strength and calcium regulation also reduces keel fracture incidence. Consumers and retailers demanding welfare certification that specifically monitors keel bone fracture rates drive improvement.