Ducks are semi-aquatic birds with a strong motivation to interact with open water. Denying water access in intensive farming systems causes significant behavioral frustration and welfare compromise.
Water access is one of the most well-documented unmet needs in duck farming. Behavioral research clearly demonstrates that ducks are highly motivated to bathe and engage with water — they will work hard to gain access and show strong preference for bathing water over drinking water in preference tests. Without water for bathing, ducks cannot keep their feathers in good condition, leading to plumage deterioration, skin irritation, and reduced thermoregulation. Eye and nostril health also suffers without the ability to flush these areas with water. The frustration of a strong, unsatisfied motivation is itself a welfare cost. Transitioning duck housing to include open water troughs or channels that allow head immersion and wing flapping is achievable without prohibitive cost.