Traditional farrowing crates severely restrict sow movement but are claimed to reduce piglet crushing. Welfare-friendly alternatives show this trade-off is not inevitable with good system design.
Farrowing crates cause significant welfare harm to sows. The inability to turn around, assume preferred lying positions, or perform pre-farrowing nesting behavior causes frustration, stress, and physical discomfort over a prolonged period. Sows in crates show higher cortisol levels, more stereotypic bar-biting, and behavioral indicators of negative affect than sows with freedom of movement. The justification — preventing piglet crushing — is legitimate but not absolute. Alternative systems including the PigSAFE pen, Thorstensson pen, and various loose farrowing designs achieve acceptable piglet survival rates through better pen design: sloped floor sections, anti-crush rails, creep areas with supplemental heat, and appropriate substrate for nesting. Skilled stockmanship is critical in loose systems. The welfare case for transitioning away from crates is strong when supported by appropriate infrastructure and training.