Common carp are among the most widely farmed fish globally, particularly in Asia and Central Europe. Their welfare in both pond and intensive systems depends on stocking density, water quality, and handling practices.
Carp welfare research has historically lagged behind that of salmon and trout, partly because carp are perceived as less sentient. However, scientific evidence confirms their capacity for pain and distress. In intensive pond systems, large carp populations can suffer from periodic hypoxia during summer nights, leading to mass mortality events. Rough net-hauling causes scale loss and physical injury. Improved welfare in carp farming includes optimised stocking densities, aeration systems, gentle handling equipment, and effective slaughter protocols that minimise suffering before death.