Tigers are charismatic apex predators with demanding welfare needs in captivity. Large enclosures, enrichment and conservation programmes are essential for ethical keeping.
Tiger welfare in captivity is profoundly shaped by enclosure size and complexity. Animals in small bare enclosures develop pacing stereotypies that reflect chronic psychological distress. Well-designed facilities provide large territories with varied terrain, water for swimming, elevated areas and dense vegetation for privacy. Enrichment programmes should address sensory, cognitive and predatory dimensions. The thousands of tigers held in private ownership with inadequate welfare oversight represent a major ongoing welfare crisis distinct from accredited zoo populations. Conservation value requires genetic management through coordinated international studbook programmes.