Farrowing is one of the most welfare-critical periods in pig production, with high risks of sow and piglet suffering that can be significantly reduced through improved housing and management.
The conventional farrowing crate was designed to solve the crushing problem but created new welfare problems by preventing the sow from performing her strong nest-building motivation. In the days before farrowing, sows in crates show high levels of stereotypic bar-biting and frustrated rooting, indicating significant negative affective states. Free farrowing systems that allow movement while incorporating side rails, sloped floors, and nest areas have achieved comparable or better piglet survival in well-managed studies. The welfare case for transition away from farrowing crates is strong, and several countries including Sweden and Switzerland have phased them out or are phasing them out. The key welfare priorities during farrowing include providing nesting material, ensuring adequate colostrum intake for all piglets, and minimising painful interventions.