Stereotypic behaviours in horses, including crib-biting, weaving, and box walking, reflect management environments that fail to meet fundamental behavioural needs and indicate chronic poor welfare.
Stereotypic behaviour in horses is a welfare indicator of significant historical and ongoing neglect of species-typical needs. Horses evolved to move continuously, graze constantly, and maintain social contact with conspecifics. Stable management systems that restrict movement, limit forage to two or three feeds per day, and isolate horses socially create the conditions that generate stereotypies. The development of stereotypies during early training and competition preparation in young horses reflects an industry problem where management practices prioritising convenience over welfare remain widespread. Prevention is straightforward through appropriate management; treatment once established is largely ineffective because of neurological changes. Physical prevention devices mask the symptom while leaving the welfare deficit unaddressed and should not be considered a welfare solution.