Hydrotherapy using underwater treadmills and swim pools is an established rehabilitative treatment for dogs with musculoskeletal and neurological conditions, with strong evidence for welfare benefits.
Canine hydrotherapy has moved from alternative to mainstream veterinary rehabilitation over the past two decades, supported by growing evidence of effectiveness for multiple conditions. For dogs with hip dysplasia, cruciate injuries, or spinal disease, hydrotherapy can enable earlier return to function and reduce chronic pain, making it a direct welfare benefit. However, the welfare of the dog during therapy itself must also be considered. Dogs that are fearful of water or experience anxiety in hydrotherapy facilities may experience the session as stressful even if physically beneficial. High-quality facilities assess canine comfort throughout sessions, use gradual introduction for anxious dogs, and stop therapy if signs of distress are persistent. Referral from a veterinarian ensures that hydrotherapy is appropriately indicated for the specific condition being treated.