Tigers are solitary, wide-ranging predators whose welfare needs in captivity include large territories, privacy, water access and complex environmental stimulation.
Captive tiger welfare is frequently compromised by inadequate space, lack of privacy from visitors, insufficient water access and social mismanagement. Tigers exposed to high visitor density show elevated cortisol and increased stereotypic behaviour. Habitat complexity — varied substrates, elevated platforms, dense vegetation and secluded areas — is essential for good welfare. Feeding enrichment that requires stalking and problem-solving engages natural predatory behaviours. Zoos should balance conservation value against individual animal welfare in making decisions about tiger captivity.