Non-human primates used in biomedical research have complex social and cognitive needs, making their welfare particularly challenging to meet in laboratory settings.
Non-human primate welfare in research involves the highest welfare stakes in laboratory animal science. Their social complexity, intelligence and emotional sophistication mean that captivity and experimental procedures cause more profound suffering than in simpler species. Regulatory frameworks in most jurisdictions recognise this through special protections for primates. However, regulatory requirements and actual welfare outcomes vary significantly. Pair or group housing is welfare-critical for social species but creates experimental variables. Positive reinforcement training for voluntary procedure participation significantly reduces acute stress. The case for replacement of non-human primates with alternative methods is ethically compelling and scientifically advancing.