Cetaceans and pinnipeds in captivity generate more welfare debate than almost any other group. Understanding the evidence base enables more informed positions on captive marine mammal keeping.
The welfare evidence for cetacean captivity is among the most debated in animal welfare. For orcas specifically, the evidence of welfare problems is compelling and consistent: abbreviated lifespans, collapsed dorsal fins indicating chronic stress, stereotypic behaviours, and documented aggression toward trainers and conspecifics. The conclusion that orca captivity is incompatible with adequate welfare has gained significant scientific and public consensus. For bottlenose dolphins and other smaller cetaceans, evidence is more mixed and facility quality matters enormously. Pinniped welfare in well-managed facilities is generally more achievable. The welfare evidence should guide positions on captive marine mammal keeping rather than nostalgia or entertainment industry economics.