Leopard seals are apex predators of the Southern Ocean whose welfare is shaped by climate change impacts on sea ice, prey availability, and occasional human interactions.
Wild leopard seal welfare is primarily threatened by climate change impacts on Antarctic ecosystems rather than direct human persecution. Sea ice loss affects haul-out sites used for rest, thermoregulation, and pup-rearing. Interactions with tourists and researchers can disturb resting animals and alter natural behavior. Conservation of Antarctic biodiversity and ambitious climate action represent the most important welfare interventions for this species. Responsible wildlife viewing guidelines help minimize direct human disturbance.