African buffalo are keystone grazers of sub-Saharan savannas with complex social structures. Their welfare and conservation are important for ecosystem health across Africa.
Wild buffalo welfare is most directly affected by disease — particularly bovine tuberculosis — and the management responses to it. Culling of infected animals causes direct welfare harm but may be argued to benefit herd health. Fencing for disease control fragments populations, disrupts migration, and limits access to dry-season resources. Drought events cause severe nutritional stress and mortality. The welfare of buffalo involved in hunting operations — which are significant sources of conservation funding in some range states — depends on hunting practices and regulations. Disease management approaches that minimize culling while protecting population health best serve individual welfare.