Farmed Pangasius Catfish Welfare

Pangasius (basa catfish) is one of the most globally traded farmed fish. Vietnam produces the majority of supply, with welfare standards poorly developed.

Key Facts

Vietnam produces over 1 million tonnes of pangasius annually for global export markets
Pangasius (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) are highly adaptable to crowded conditions due to an accessory breathing organ
Stocking densities in intensive ponds can reach 50-100 kg/m3 — among the highest of any farmed fish
Disease is managed through heavy antibiotic use, with antimicrobial resistance a documented concern
Slaughter typically involves asphyxiation on ice without prior stunning
The pangasius trade has faced quality and environmental concerns, driving some sustainability certification

Welfare Considerations

Despite pangasius's physiological tolerance for crowding, intensive farming conditions cause welfare problems. High stocking densities reduce behavioral complexity and increase pathogen pressure. Disease outbreaks are common and cause widespread morbidity before detection and treatment. Slaughter by ice water immersion without prior stunning causes a prolonged loss of consciousness. Welfare improvements — lower stocking densities, disease monitoring systems, and mechanical stunning before slaughter — are technically feasible but require market pressure and regulatory support to implement at scale.

What You Can Do

Choose ASC-certified pangasius as a first step toward higher welfare supply chains
Support consumer campaigns pressing major retailers to require welfare standards in pangasius procurement
Advocate for inclusion of pangasius in international fish welfare certification frameworks
Reduce consumption of uncertified pangasius until meaningful welfare standards are implemented