Sand cats are highly adapted desert felids whose welfare in captivity depends on replicating key features of arid environments including substrate and temperature cycling.
Sand cats present specific welfare challenges in zoo environments, particularly in temperate climates. They are adapted to extreme thermal environments with deep daily temperature swings — providing appropriate microhabitats for thermoregulation is essential. High humidity causes respiratory problems that can be severe and life-limiting. Desert substrate — deep sand for burrowing — is an important behavioral requirement. Their nocturnal activity pattern means they are often inactive during zoo visiting hours, creating pressure to keep them in conditions that disturb their sleep or behavior. They are shy and easily stressed by excessive handling or visitor proximity. Successful zoo management requires climate-controlled desert exhibit design.