Heat stress in cattle is a growing welfare and productivity concern as global temperatures rise. Modern high-producing dairy and beef breeds are particularly susceptible, with significant welfare and economic consequences.
Cattle experiencing heat stress show panting, reduced activity, crowding at water sources, and reduced grazing time. Chronic heat stress suppresses the immune system and increases susceptibility to mastitis, lameness, and respiratory disease. The welfare and economic costs of heat stress are closely aligned, providing a business case for investment in shade, cooling systems, and pasture management. As climate change intensifies, heat stress mitigation will become increasingly critical to both cattle welfare and the viability of extensive cattle systems.