Wolf reintroduction programs restore ecological balance but create real conflicts with livestock producers — evidence-based coexistence tools can protect both wolf welfare and farmer livelihoods.
Wolf reintroduction creates genuine conflicts that cannot be dismissed — livestock predation represents real financial harm and emotional distress for farming families. But the welfare evidence on lethal control shows it is both ineffective and welfare-costly: killing wolves creates territorial vacuums that are rapidly filled, while causing harm to individual wolves who are sentient animals. Non-lethal coexistence tools are demonstrably more effective in the long run and avoid the welfare costs of lethal control. Making these tools accessible and affordable for livestock producers through subsidy and training programs is the welfare-responsible path to wolf recovery alongside agricultural viability.