Hippopotamuses are complex, highly territorial animals whose welfare needs in zoos present distinct challenges compared to most other large mammals.
Hippo welfare in zoos is often underweighted because these animals are perceived as aggressive and difficult to manage rather than as suffering individuals. Yet welfare deficits are common: inadequate water depth, insufficient social space, dental disease, and social conflict between individuals in incompatible groups. Zoos that invest in large, deep pools, appropriate social group management, and active veterinary dental care provide meaningfully better welfare. The conservation case for hippos in zoos is stronger than for many large mammals given the threatened status of both species.