Access to pasture and opportunity for natural movement are fundamental welfare needs for cattle and sheep that intensive housing systems often fail to meet.
Ruminant animals evolved to range continuously across grasslands, and their physiology and behavior reflect this heritage. Confinement without movement opportunity causes musculoskeletal deterioration, frustration, and reduced immune function. Welfare-positive grazing systems — including seasonal pasture access, rotational grazing, and adequate space allowances — address these needs while often delivering environmental co-benefits through soil carbon sequestration and biodiversity support. Welfare certification standards that mandate grazing access are among the most impactful tools available for improving ruminant wellbeing at scale.