Pangolins are among the most trafficked mammals globally and among the most difficult to maintain in captivity, creating a unique conservation-welfare dilemma.
Pangolins present a case where wildlife welfare and conservation arguments align clearly: these animals cannot be adequately maintained in captivity, meaning the only viable approach is protecting wild populations and supporting specialist rehabilitation for rescued individuals. The widespread captive pangolin deaths from inappropriate diet and stress argue strongly against zoo exhibition as a conservation strategy. Resources should be directed toward wild population protection, anti-poaching enforcement and the specialist rehabilitation facilities that can prepare rescued individuals for release.