Ducks are semi-aquatic birds whose welfare in commercial farming is significantly compromised by denial of water access for swimming and bathing, a fundamental behavioural need.
Duck welfare is significantly compromised in most commercial production by the denial of water access adequate for swimming and bathing. This deprivation causes feather condition deterioration from inability to preen effectively, eye disease from inability to flush the eyes with water, and nasal blockage that impairs feeding and breathing. These are not subtle welfare impacts but measurable, observable harms resulting from failing to accommodate a fundamental characteristic of duck biology. The availability of trough systems providing adequate bathing access makes this welfare improvement practically achievable.