Commercial turkeys are selectively bred for rapid growth that causes serious health and welfare problems. Reform efforts focus on slower-growing breeds and improved housing.
The welfare of farmed turkeys has been significantly compromised by breeding for maximum breast muscle mass. The resulting birds suffer chronic pain from leg weakness, cardiovascular stress, and difficulty moving. Access to natural light, outdoor range, and enrichment such as perches and pecking objects can improve welfare but does not address underlying genetic problems. Slower-growing breeds with better leg health and cardiovascular function represent a fundamental welfare improvement, as shown by adoption in some higher-welfare certification schemes.