Tilapia is one of the most widely farmed fish globally. Understanding its welfare needs and common challenges in tilapia farming informs better production standards.
Tilapia farming has expanded rapidly as a low-cost, fast-growing protein source, but welfare standards lag behind those for more commercially prominent species like salmon. High stocking densities increase aggression-related injuries in this territorial species. Water quality management is critical: low oxygen, high ammonia, and temperature extremes all cause physiological stress. Monosex male production — widely used to increase growth rates — typically involves treating fry with hormones to masculinise them, a process with welfare implications that are inadequately studied. Welfare certification for tilapia is less developed than for salmon, and consumer awareness of tilapia welfare issues is minimal. Improved welfare standards require better research, clearer certification requirements, and consumer engagement.