Farrowing crates confine sows at one of their most vulnerable periods. Reform toward higher welfare farrowing systems is advancing in several countries.
Farrowing crates represent one of the most significant welfare restrictions in modern pig production. The sow is confined at a period of intense hormonal and behavioural motivation: nest-building drive is powerful and its complete frustration causes documented frustration and distress. Confinement also prevents the postural freedom that sows need during the long farrowing process. While crates were introduced to reduce piglet crushing mortality, evidence now supports that well-designed loose farrowing systems can achieve comparable piglet survival with substantially better sow welfare. The transition requires investment in housing design and stockperson training but is both technically and economically feasible.