Farrowing crates that restrict sow movement during birth and lactation are one of the most contested practices in pig production. New system designs seek to balance piglet survival and sow welfare.
The farrowing crate debate illustrates the complexity of farm welfare tradeoffs. Crates were introduced to reduce piglet crushing mortality, which is economically significant. However, decades of research demonstrate the severe welfare cost to sows from prolonged confinement during a highly motivated behavioral period. Modern free-farrowing system designs including protected farrowing zones with moveable barriers, adequate space allowances, and appropriate substrates achieve comparable piglet survival rates to crates in well-managed operations. The welfare case for farrowing crate elimination is strong; the remaining challenge is supporting farmers through the transition to higher-welfare systems economically.