Commercial turkeys are among the most severely affected farmed animals by selective breeding for rapid growth. Their welfare is compromised from birth by genetics that create cardiovascular, respiratory, and locomotor problems.
Turkey welfare in commercial production is compromised by the same fundamental problem as broiler chickens: extreme genetic selection for rapid growth at the expense of anatomical soundness. The inability of commercial turkeys to mate naturally is an extraordinary welfare indicator of how extreme the anatomical distortion has become. Cardiovascular failure is a significant cause of early mortality. Footpad dermatitis from wet litter conditions is near-universal in conventionally managed flocks and causes chronic pain. Heritage breed production, which uses slower-growing birds capable of natural mating and locomotion, represents a fundamental welfare improvement but commands premium prices that limit market penetration.