Live sheep export from Australia and other countries to Middle Eastern and Asian markets is one of the most controversial livestock welfare issues globally.
Long-distance live sheep export causes some of the most documented and severe animal welfare incidents in modern agriculture. Sheep confined in ship stalls for 2-3 weeks endure heat stress, respiratory disease from ammonia buildup, and injuries from crowding. Mortality events killing thousands of animals on single voyages have been captured on video and broadcast globally, generating public outrage. The fundamental welfare argument — that chilled carcass trade eliminates transport welfare harms while preserving economic value — has driven New Zealand to prohibit live sheep export entirely. Australia continues debating a full ban, with the industry arguing for improved standards rather than prohibition.