Ducks are waterfowl with strong needs for water immersion that are frequently denied in commercial farming. Meeting their behavioral needs significantly improves welfare outcomes.
Duck welfare in commercial farming is significantly compromised by denial of water access that is fundamental to their nature as waterfowl. Ducks without swimming water show elevated stress hormones, eye discharge, impaired feather condition, and reduced immune function. The cost of providing bathing water is modest relative to the welfare benefit. Progressive farms and welfare certification schemes require open water or at least shower systems that allow preening. Consumer demand for higher-welfare duck products can drive adoption of water access standards across the industry. Foie gras production remains a particularly severe welfare concern warranting continued campaign and regulatory attention.