Freshwater and aquatic turtles are widely kept in zoos and as private pets, but their welfare needs are frequently misunderstood. Evidence-based care guidelines improve outcomes for these long-lived reptiles.
Aquatic turtle welfare is frequently compromised by inadequate understanding of their needs. UV-B deficiency causes metabolic bone disease that is painful and deforming. Inadequate water quality causes respiratory and skin infections. Insufficient space prevents normal movement and behavior. The long lifespan of turtles means welfare problems play out over decades. Release of unwanted turtles into the wild is a welfare and conservation problem: turtles may not survive in inappropriate environments, and invasive species cause ecological damage. Responsible zoo management and companion care requires lifelong commitment to appropriate thermal, lighting, aquatic, and dietary environments.