Commercially farmed turkeys have been selectively bred for rapid, extreme muscle growth that causes significant welfare problems. Understanding these issues is important for informed consumer choices.
The welfare situation of commercially farmed turkeys parallels that of broiler chickens: selective breeding for maximum muscle growth in minimum time has created animals whose bodies struggle to support their own weight. Leg disorders, heart failure, and difficulty accessing food and water are common consequences of extreme growth genetics. The inability to reproduce naturally — a fundamental biological drive — represents a profound departure from natural behavior. Welfare reforms including slower growth rates, lower stocking densities, perches, and natural light access are beginning to be implemented by progressive producers. Heritage breeds raised on pasture represent the highest welfare alternative currently available.