Drills are among the most endangered primates in Africa, with fewer than 3,000 remaining. Zoo programs and Nigerian sanctuaries are critical to their survival and welfare.
Drill welfare in captivity requires managing their complex social dynamics within large groups that mirror their natural structure. Like mandrills (their close relatives), male drills have strong dominance hierarchies that require careful management to prevent serious aggression. Their colorful rump patches intensify with health and social status — monitoring coloration can provide welfare indicators. The Drill Ranch in Nigeria operates as both a sanctuary and breeding center, providing semi-natural forested enclosures that allow near-natural behavior. The drill conservation situation is dire enough that captive populations are an essential conservation tool, making excellent welfare not just desirable but a conservation necessity.