Chimpanzees in zoos require extraordinary cognitive and social enrichment to support the mental health of animals whose intelligence closely approaches our own.
Chimpanzee welfare in captivity is among the most demanding challenges in zoo management precisely because of their cognitive complexity. Bored, under-stimulated chimpanzees express psychological distress through stereotypies, self-harm, and aggression. The best welfare outcomes come from constant, novel cognitive enrichment — puzzle feeders, novel objects, naturalistic foraging opportunities — paired with large, complex social groups and extensive indoor and outdoor space. The evidence from sanctuaries shows that when conditions genuinely meet chimp needs, behavioral and psychological health can be maintained and even restored.