Mountain lions are wide-ranging solitary predators whose welfare needs in captivity center on space, complexity, and opportunities to express natural predatory behavior.
Mountain lions present significant challenges in zoo environments because of their enormous space requirements and solitary nature. Enclosures should be as large as feasible, with varied terrain, hiding spots, climbing structures, and visual complexity. Feeding enrichment should simulate hunting — live prey (where permitted), frozen prey items, and puzzle feeders that require physical effort to access. Their predatory drive means they benefit from drag lures and suspended prey items. Stereotypic pacing is a common welfare concern and indicates inadequate space or stimulation. Many mountain lions in US zoos are non-releasable rehabilitation animals, giving their captive care conservation and ambassadorial value.