Turbot is a premium European flatfish increasingly farmed in recirculating systems, with welfare research identifying density, water quality, and slaughter as key priorities.
Turbot welfare in aquaculture is compromised by the conflict between their solitary nature and the economic imperative for high stocking densities. Structured tank environments with substrate and refuges reduce conspecific aggression. Water quality management — particularly oxygen and temperature — is critical for both welfare and growth. The high value of turbot creates economic headroom for welfare investments including pre-slaughter stunning that may not be viable for lower-value species.