Pygmy hippos are secretive, largely solitary forest dwellers. Zoo environments must carefully balance their needs for water access, privacy, and appropriate social conditions.
Captive pygmy hippos thrive when provided with private retreat spaces, deep pools, and limited forced social interaction. Pairing incompatible individuals causes chronic stress. Their crepuscular nature means they need lighting schedules that allow nighttime activity. Skin desiccation is a welfare concern in dry climates without adequate pool access. Enrichment should include foraging opportunities with browse and root vegetables.